1) 

-> They were told this story by their grandmother when they visited her last week.

-> This story was told to them by their grandmother when they visited her last week.

2) 

-> Alice was appointed secretary for the meeting by the committee. 

-> Secretary was appointed for Alice for the meeting by the committee. 

3)

-> This room is kept tidy all the time. (câu chỉ có 1 tân ngữ)

4)

-> The note wasn't taken to the manager by the secretary.

-> The manager wasn't taken the note by the secretary.

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$$\bullet$$ Câu bị động thì hiện tại đơn:

$$S + am/ is/ are + VpII + (by + O)$$

$$\bullet$$ Câu bị động thì quá khứ đơn:

$$S + was/ were + VpII + (by + O)$$

$$\bullet$$ Câu bị động có hai tân ngữ:

- Tân ngữ chỉ người:

$$\text{S + be + VpII + O (chỉ vật) + (by + O)}$$

- Tân ngữ chỉ vật:

$$\text{S + be + VpII + to/ for + O (chỉ người) + (by + O)}$$